1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Trandolapril 2mg Capsules
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each capsule contains: Trandolapril, 2.0 mg
Each capsule contains 24 mg Lactose monohydrate
Each capsule contains 1.26 mg Sunset yellow (E110)
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Capsule, hard
Light scarlet/light scarlet capsules
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Mild or moderate hypertension.
Left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Trandolapril may be taken before, during or after a meal.
Adults:
Hypertension:
For adults not taking diuretics, without congestive heart failure and without renal or hepatic insufficiency, the recommended initial dosage is 0.5 mg as a single daily dose. A 0.5 mg dose will only achieve a therapeutic response in a minority of patients. Dosage should be doubled incrementally at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks, based on patient response, up to a maximum of 4 mg as a single daily dose.
The usual maintenance dose range is 1 to 2 mg as a single daily dose. If the patient response is still unsatisfactory at a dose of 4 mg trandolapril, combination therapy should be considered with diuretics and calcium channels blockers.
Left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction:
After an acute myocardial infarction, treatment can be started as early as the third day once necessary treatment conditions have been attained (stable haemodynamics and management of any residual ischaemia). The initial dose must be low (see 4.4), particularly if the patient exhibits normal or low blood pressure at the initiation of therapy. Initial treatment should be 0.5 mg per day (24 hours). The dose may be increased progressively to a maximum of 4 mg daily as a single dose. This forced titration may be temporarily suspended, for example in the event of symptomatic hypotension.
Treatment should be started in hospital under strict surveillance, particularly of blood pressure (see 4.4).
In the event of hypotension, all concurrent hypotensive treatments (for example vasodilators such as nitrates, diuretics) must be assessed carefully and if possible, their dose reduced. The dose of trandolapril should be reduced only if these precautions are insufficient or cannot be effected.
In the event of prior diuretic treatment, special precautions must be taken:
It is recommended either to discontinue the diuretic treatment at least 72 hours before the trandolapril treatment is begun and/or start with 0.5 mg daily. In that case the dose must be adjusted in accordance with the patient's response. If the diuretic treatment must necessarily continue, medical supervision is necessary.
Prior diuretic treatment
In patients who are at risk from a stimulated renin-angiotensin system (e.g. patients with water and sodium depletion), the diuretic should be discontinued 2-3 days before beginning therapy with 0.5mg trandolapril to reduce the likelihood of symptomatic hypotension. The diuretic may be resumed later if required.
Cardiac failure
In hypertensive patients who also have congestive heart failure, with or without associated renal insufficiency, symptomatic hypotension has been observed after treatment with ACE inhibitors. In these patients, therapy should be started at a dose of 0.5 mg trandolapril once daily under close medical supervision in hospital.
Impaired renal function:
At a creatinine clearance of 0.2 – 0.5 ml/s (10-30 ml/min), treatment should be initiated with a daily dose of 0.5 mg. If required, the dose can be increased to 1 mg daily as a single dose. At a creatinine clearance below 0.2 ml/s (10 ml/min) and for patients in haemodialysis the dose is 0.5 mg daily as a single dose. For these patients regular supervision of serum potassium and serum creatinine is necessary.
Renovascular hypertension
Initial treatment should be 0.5mg daily. The dose should be adjusted according to the blood pressure response.
Dosage adjustment in hepatic impairment:
In patients with severely impaired liver function, a decrease in the metabolic clearance of the parent compound, trandolapril and the active metabolite trandolaprilat results in a large increase in plasma trandolapril levels and to a lesser extent, an increase in trandolaprilat levels. Treatment with trandolapril should therefore be initiated at a dose of 0.5 mg once daily under close medical supervision (see 4.4 and 5.2).
Children:
The medicinal product should not be given to children, as experience with treatment of children is insufficient.
The elderly:
Normally no dose reduction is needed. Pharmacokinetic studies of hypertensive patients over 65 who have normal kidney function for their age indicate that dose adjustment is not necessary. As some elderly patients may, however, be especially sensitive to ACE inhibitors, it is recommended initially to use low doses and to monitor the blood pressure response and the kidney function.
Caution must be exercised in elderly patients with concurrent diuretic treatment, congestive heart failure or renal or hepatic insufficiency. The dose should be adjusted according to the blood pressure response.
4.3 Contraindications
• Known hypersensitivity to trandolapril, other ACE inhibitors or any of the excipients.
• History of angioneurotic oedema (for example Quincke's oedema) associated with prior administration of an ACE inhibitor.
• Hereditary or idiopathic angioneurotic oedema.
• Second and third trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4 and 4.6).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Risk of hypotension and/or renal insufficiency
In patients with uncomplicated hypertension, symptomatic hypotension has been observed in rare cases after the first dose or after an increased dose. Marked activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurs under certain conditions, especially in the event of severe fluid and sodium depletion (low salt diet, prolonged diuretic treatment, dialysis, diarrhoea or vomiting), renal artery stenosis, heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver with oedema and/or ascites. The ACE inhibitor's suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may cause severe arterial hypotension and/or functional renal insufficiency, especially at the first dosage, when the dose is increased and during the first two weeks of treatment. Severe hypotension may lead to fainting and/or ischaemic lesions in organs with arterial disorders (for example acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular infarction).
In such risk patients, including those with angina pectoris or cerebrovascular disorders, trandolapril treatment should be initiated under close medical supervision in low doses, with careful dose adjustment. In the event of prior diuretic treatment it is recommended to discontinue the diuretic treatment at least 72 hours before the trandolapril treatment is initiated and begin with 0.5 mg daily (see section 4.5).
Fluid and salt depletion should be remedied before initiating trandolapril treatment.
If the patient develops arterial hypotension or renal insufficiency during treatment, dose reduction or suspension of the treatment with trandolapril and/or diuretics may be necessary.
A case of arterial hypotension occurring after the initial dose does not exclude subsequent treatment with trandolapril provided the dose is adjusted carefully.
If symptomatic hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in a supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of physiological saline. Intravenous atropine may be necessary if there is associated bradycardia.
Patients with renovascular hypertension
Treatment of renovascular hypertension is carried out by revascularisation.
However, ACE inhibitors may be of use until revascularisation can be effected, or if such a procedure is not to be carried out. The risk of severe arterial hypotension and renal insufficiency is increased when patients with prior unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis are treated with an ACE inhibitor. Diuretics may further increase the risk. Loss of renal function may occur with only small changes in the serum creatinine, even in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis. For these patients treatment should be initiated in the hospital under close medical supervision with low doses and careful dose adjustment. Diuretic treatment should be discontinued, and renal function and serum potassium monitored during the early weeks of treatment.
Assessment of renal function
Evaluation of the patient should include assessment of renal function prior to initiation of therapy and during treatment. Proteinuria may occur if renal impairment is present prior to therapy or relatively high doses are used.
Patients with renal insufficiency
In the event of renal insufficiency the dose must be reduced if the creatinine clearance is
In patients with renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure or unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, in the single kidney as well as after renal transplantation, there is a risk of impairment of renal function. If recognised early, such impairment of renal function is reversible upon discontinuation of therapy.
Kidney transplantation
There is no experience regarding the administration of trandolapril in patients with a recent kidney transplantation. Treatment with trandolapril is therefore not recommended.
Patients with impaired liver function
As trandolapril is a prodrug metabolised to its active form in the liver, particular caution and close monitoring should be applied to patients with impaired liver function.
Hepatic failure
Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice or hepatitis and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up.
Angio oedema
Cases of oedema in the face, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx as well as the extremities have been reported in patients treated with an ACE inhibitor, including trandolapril. Angio oedema may occur particularly during the early weeks of treatment. Seldom does it develop only after prolonged treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
In such cases the trandolapril treatment should be discontinued, and the patient monitored until the oedema disappears. When the oedema is localised to include only the face, it generally disappears without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms.
The combination of facial and larynx oedema may be life-threatening. Swelling of the tongue, glottis or larynx may cause respiratory obstruction. Subcutaneous adrenaline 0.1% (0.3-0.5 ml) must be given rapidly and other therapeutic measures taken as appropriate.
After such a reaction treatment with an ACE inhibitor must not be resumed. Patients with prior Quincke's oedema not occurring in connection with ACE inhibitor treatment run a greater risk of a new Quincke's oedema if they are treated with an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.3).
It has been shown that ACE inhibitors more frequently cause angio oedema in Negroid than in non-Negroid patients.
Intestinal angio edema has been reported very rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior facial angio edema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angio edema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan, or ultrasound or at surgery and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angio edema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain (see 4.8).
Ethnic differences
As is the case with other ACE inhibitors, trandolapril may be less effective lowering blood pressure in Negroid than in non-Negroid patients. This may possibly be due to a higher incidence of low renin conditions in hypertensive Negroid patients.
Cough
During treatment with an ACE inhibitor, a dry and non-productive cough may occur which disappears after discontinuation. If treatment with an ACE inhibitor is considered essential, a resumption of treatment may be considered.
ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of cough.
Hyperkalaemia
Elevations in serum potassium have been observed in some patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including Trandolapril. Risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia include renal insufficiency, worsening of the renal condition, age (> 70 years), diabetes mellitus, intercurrent events, in particular dehydratation, acute cardiac decompensation, metabolic acidosis, and concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, or amiloride), potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes; or those patients taking other drugs associated with increases in serum potassium (e.g., heparin). The use of potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, or potassium-containing salt substitutes particularly in patients with impaired renal function may lead to a significant increase in serum potassium. Hyperkalemia can cause serious, sometimes fatal arrhythmias. If concomitant use of trandolapril and any of the abovementioned agents is deemed appropriate, they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium. (See 4.5).
Surgery/ anaesthesia
In patient undergoing major surgery or during anaesthesia with potentially hypotensive agents, ACE inhibitors may induce a possibly severe arterial hypotension, which can be corrected with plasma expanders. If it is not possible to discontinue treatment with the ACE inhibitor, volume therapy should be given with care.
Aortic stenosis/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
ACE inhibitors should be used with great caution in patients with aortic stenosis or obstructed outflow from the left ventricle.
Neutropenia/ agranulocytosis
In very rare cases neutropenia /agranulocytosis have been observed after treatment with ACE inhibitors administered in high doses and/or to patients with renal insufficiency, particularly associated with connective tissue diseases (for example lupus erythematosus disseminatus and scleroderma) as well as immunosuppressive therapy with agents having a potential risk of leucopoenia. Neutropenia is reversible after discontinuation of the ACE inhibitor. The best prevention is to keep carefully to the recommended dose. If treatment with an ACE inhibitor is deemed necessary in such risk patients, the risk/benefit ratio must be considered carefully. Regular monitoring of the white blood vessels and protein in the urine must be considered in patients with collagen vascular diseases (for example lupus erythematosus and scleroderma), especially associated with impaired renal function and concomitant therapy, particularly with corticosteroids and antimetabolites, or treatment with allopurinol or procainamide.
Proteinuria
Proteinuria may occur particularly in patients with existing renal function impairment or relatively high doses of ACE inhibitors. Trandolapril should only be administered after critical evaluation of the risk/benefit of treatment of patients with clinically relevant proteinuria (more than 1 g/day).
Anaphylactoid reactions during hymenoptera desensitization
Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during desensitization with hymenoptera venom have experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE-inhibitor therapy prior to each desensitization.
Anaphylactoid reactions during LDL apheresis
Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during low density lipoprotein (LDL)-apheresis with dextran sulphate have experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE-inhibitor therapy prior to each apheresis.
Haemodialysis patients
Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialysed with high-flux membranes (e.g., AN 69®) and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. In these patients consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent.
Diabetic patients
In diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin, glycemic control should be closely monitored during the first month of treatment with an ACE inhibitor (see section 4.5).
Pregnancy
ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
Interactions
This medicinal product IS GENERALLY NOT RECOMMENDED in combination with potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium salts and lithium (see section 4.5).
Contains lactose
Patients with hereditary galactose intolerance, a particular form of hereditary lactase deficiency (Lapp Lactase deficiency), or glucose/galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Not recommended combinations (see section 4.4)
Potassium or potassium-sparing diuretics: Amiloride, potassium canrenoate, spironolactone, triamterene, potassium (salts):
Concurrent administration of potassium or potassium-sparing diuretics increases the risk of hyperkalaemia, particularly in renal failure. Should this combination be considered necessary, frequent monitoring of serum potassium is essential.
Lithium:
Increased lithium concentration, potentially to toxic levels (decreased renal lithium excretion).
Use of Trandolapril with lithium is not recommended, but if the combination proves necessary, careful monitoring of serum lithium levels should be performed.
Combination requiring a precaution for use
Thiazidics and loop diuretics:
Patients in diuretic treatment, especially patients who have recently begun treatment or patients with volume and/or salt depletion, may develop a severe fall in blood pressure and/or pre-renal failure after initial treatment with an ACE inhibitor. The risk of hypotensive episodes can be reduced by discontinuing the diuretics, by increasing salt intake beforehand and by starting treatment with lower initial doses of ACE inhibitor. Further dose increase should be made with caution. Trandolapril may attenuate the potassium loss caused by thiazidics and loop diuretics.
Antihypertensive agents:
The combination of trandolapril and other antihypertensive agents may potentiate the antihypertensive response to ACE inhibitors.
Antipsychotic agents:
Postural hypotension may occur if administered concurrently.
Allopurinol, procaiamide, cytostatic or immunosuppressive agents, systemic corticosteroids:
If used concomitantly with ACE inhibitors, they may increase the risk of leucopoenia.
Non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicinal products:
When ACE-inhibitors are administered simultaneously with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ie acetylsalicylic acid at anti-inflammatory dosage regimens, COX-2 inhibitors and non-selective NSAIDs), attenuation of the antihypertensive effect may occur. Concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors and NSAIDs may lead to an increased risk of worsening of renal function, including possible acute renal failure, and an increase in serum potassium, especially in patients with poor pre-existing renal function. The combination should be administered with caution, especially in the elderly. Patients should be adequately hydrated and consideration should be given to monitoring renal function after initiation of concomitant therapy, and periodically thereafter.
Antidiabetics (insulin, hypoglycaemic sulphonamides):
Although clinical studies do not observe an increased risk of hypoglycaemia in diabetic patients treated with insulin or oral antidiabetics concurrently with an ACE inhibitor, cases of hypoglycaemia have been reported in such patients. Therefore, blood glucose should be closely monitored in diabetics, particularly when starting or increasing the dose of an ACE inhibitor.
Antacids:
Concurrent administration may lead to reduced absorption of ACE inhibitors. Therefore, at least two hours should elapse between administration of trandolapril and antacids.
Use of high-flux polyacrylonitrile membranes in haemodialysis:
Anaphylactoid reactions to high-flux polyacrylonitrile membranes used in haemodialysis have been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. As with other antihypertensives of this chemical class, this combination should be avoided when prescribing ACE inhibitors to renal dialysis patients.
Absence of interactions with other medicinal products:
In studies on healthy volunteers, pharmacokinetic interactions were not observed when trandolapril was combined with digoxin, furosemide, nifedipin, glibenclamide, propranolol or cimetidin. The anticoagulant properties of warfarin were not affected after concurrent administration of trandolapril.
Clinical interactions were not observed in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction when trandolapril was administered concurrently with thrombolytics, acetylsalicylic acid, beta blockers, calcium antagonists, nitrates, anticoagulants, diuretics or digoxin.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4).The use of ACE inhibitors is contra-indicated during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.3 and 4.4)
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Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
Exposure to ACE inhibitor therapy during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human foetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia). (See also 5.3 'Preclinical safety data'). Should exposure to ACE inhibitor have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended. Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see also section 4.3 and 4.4).
Lactation
Because no information is available regarding the use of Trandolapril during breastfeeding, Trandolapril is not recommended and alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Due to individual differences in reaction to an ACE inhibitor, the ability to drive or operate machinery may be reduced.
Particularly at the start of treatment, after increases in dose or during concurrent use of alcohol, trandolapril may affect the ability to drive or to operate machinery in a lesser or a moderate degree.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Undesirable side effects are listed below using the following convention:
Very common (
Common (
Uncommon (
Rare (
Very rare (<1/10,000), not known (acannot be estimated from the available data)
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Investigations
Frequency unknown
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Increases in the serum urea and serum creatinine, reduced number of thrombocytes, increased liver enzyme readings (including ASAT and ALAT).
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Cardiac disorders
Uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100)
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Palpitations.
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Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Frequency unknown
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Agranulocytosis, leucopoenia.
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Nervous system disorders
Common (>1/100 and <1/10)
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Headache, dizziness.
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Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common (>1/100 and <1/10)
Rare – very rare (<1/1000)
Frequency unknown
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Cough.
Throat irritation, rhinorrhoea.
Dyspnoea, bronchitis.
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Gastrointestinal disorders
Uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100)
Rare – very rare (<1/1000)
Frequency unknown
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Nausea.
Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, obstipation, dyspepsia.
Mouth dryness, pancreatitis.
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Renal and urinary disorders
Frequency unknown
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Functional renal insufficiency, proteinuria
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Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100)
Rare – very rare (<1/1000)
Frequency unknown
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Pruritus, skin rash.
Angio oedema, tendency to sweat, urticaria.
Alopecia.
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Musculoskeletal, connective tissue disorders
Rare – very rare (<1/1000)
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Myalgia.
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Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Frequency unknown
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Hyperkalaemia.
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Vascular disorders
Common – very common (>1/100)
Frequency unknown
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Arterial hypotension.
Cerebrovascular infarction, syncope.
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General disorders and administration site conditions
Common (>1/100 and <1/10)
Uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100)
Rare – very rare (<1/1000)
Frequency unknown
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Asthenia.
Malaise.
Hot flashes.
Fever.
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Immune system disorders
Frequency unknown
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Allergic reactions including pruritus and skin rash.
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Psychiatric disorders
Rare – very rare (<1/1000)
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Nervousness, sleep difficulties, somnolence.
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Undesirable effects reported for ACE inhibitors as a class (frequency not given):
Investigations:
Decreased haemoglobin and haematocrit.
Cardiac disorders:
Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, AV block, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, tachycardia.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders:
Pancytopoenia.
Respirathoratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:
Sinusitis, rhinitis, glossitis, bronchospasm
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Ileus
Renal and urinary disorders:
Elevated serum bilirubin, haemolytic anaemia with a congenital deficiency concerning G-6 PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase).
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, psoriasis-like efflorescences and alopecia.
Vascular disorders:
Cerebral haemorrhage, transient ischaemia.
Hepatobiliary disorders:
Cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms:
The highest doses used in clinical studies are 32 mg (single doses given to healthy volunteers) and 16 mg (repeated doses to hypertensive patients), respectively.
Symptoms of overdose are severe hypotension, shock, stupor, bradycardia, electrolyte disturbance and renal failure.
Treatment:
After ingestion of an overdose the patient should be monitored closely, preferably in an intensive care unit. Serum electrolytes and serum creatinine are to be measured frequently. Therapeutic procedures depend on the severity of the symptoms. Consideration should be given to emptying the stomach contents if the ingestion is recent. In the event of symptomatic hypotension the patient is placed in the shock position. Severe hypotension can be corrected by physiological salt solution or other forms of plasma expansion. Treatment with angiotensin II may be considered in a referral centre.
Trandolaprilat can be eliminated from the body by haemodialysis.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: ACE Inhibitors, plain - ATC code: C 09 AA10
Trandolapril is a prodrug, which is rapidly, non-specifically hydrolysed to its potent, long-acting active metabolite, trandolaprilat (other metabolites are inactive) and acts as an orally-active angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) without a sulphydryl group. In addition to inhibition of plasma ACE, trandolapril has been experimentally shown to inhibit tissue ACE (particularly vascular, cardial and adrenal). The clinical relevance of tissue ACE inhibition has not been established in humans.
The angiotensin converting enzyme is a peptidyl-dipeptidase, which catalyses the transformation of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictive angiotensin II and promotes metabolism of bradykinin to inactive fragments.
Small doses of trandolapril induce a potent ACE inhibition, which reduces the angiotensin II production, decreases the aldosterone secretion and increases plasma renin activity by inhibition of the negative feedback regulation.
Trandolapril thus modulates the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system, which plays a significant role in regulating blood volume and blood pressure.
Inhibition of bradykinin degradation, prostaglandin release and reduced activity in the sympathetic nervous system are other mechanisms of action which may be of importance for ACE inhibitors' vasodilatory activity.
The properties of trandolapril may explain the results obtained in the regression of cardiac hypertrophy with improvement of diastolic function, and improvement of arterial compliance in humans. In addition, a decrease in vascular hypertrophy has been shown in animals.
The drop in peripheral resistance induced by trandolapril is accompanied neither by fluid and salt retention nor by tachycardia.
In hypertensive patients trandolapril reduces the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Trandolapril has an antihypertensive activity which is independent of the plasma renin level.
In humans the antihypertensive effect of trandolapril is evident about 1 hour after administration, and persists for at least 24 hours, enabling dosage once daily. Trandolapril does not affect the circadian (24-hour) rhythm of the blood pressure.
The antihypertensive effect is maintained during long term treatment without the development of tolerance. There is no rebound effect after discontinuation of treatment. Trandolapril treatment is accompanied by a higher score in evaluating the quality of life.
Combination with a diuretic or a calcium antagonist potentiates the antihypertensive effect of trandolapril.
A multi-centre, placebo-controlled clinical study was performed on patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. A total of 1749 patients were randomised to receive either placebo or trandolapril from the third day after acute myocardial infarction and were followed for at least 24 months.
Trandolapril treatment resulted in 22 % reduction in total mortality, 25 % reduction of cardio-vascular mortality, 24 % reduction of risk of sudden death, 29 % reduction in the incidence of severe or resistant cardiac insufficiency and 14 % reduction of recurrent myocardial infarction.
Compared with placebo the patients in trandolapril treatment had significantly fewer clinical symptoms of cardiac insufficiency, peripheral oedema, dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and fatigue.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption:
Trandolapril is absorbed rapidly after oral administration. The amount absorbed is equivalent to 40 to 60% of the administered dose and is not affected by food consumption. About 36 % of the absorbed amount is converted to trandolaprilat. The bioavailability of trandolaprilat is about 13 % following oral administration of trandolapril.
Distribution - Biotransformation - Excretion:
Peak plasma concentration for trandolapril is achieved about 30 minutes after administration. Trandolapril disappears rapidly from the plasma with a half-life of less than one hour.
Trandolapril is hydrolysed to the active metabolite trandolaprilat, a specific ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitor. The amount of trandolaprilat formed is not modified by food consumption. Peak plasma concentration for trandolaprilat is reached 4 to 6 hours after administration.
In the plasma, trandolaprilat is more than 80% protein-bound. It binds saturably, with a high affinity, to ACE. Trandolaprilat is also non-saturably bound to albumin.
After repeated administration of single daily doses of trandolaprilat, steady state was reached on average in four days, both in healthy volunteers and in young or elderly hypertensives as well as patients with cardiac insufficiency. The effective half-life of trandolaprilat accumulation is between 16 and 24 hours.
Excretion of non-metabolised trandolaprilat in the urine accounts for 10-15 % of the dose administered. After oral administration of the labelled product, 33% of the radioactivity is found in the urine and 66% in the faeces.
Renal insufficiency:
The renal clearance of trandolaprilat (about 70 ml/min) is proportional to the creatinine clearance. The plasma concentrations of trandolaprilat are significantly higher in patients with a creatinine clearance of
After repeated dosing in patients with chronic renal failure, steady state is also reached in about four days, whatever the degree of renal failure.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Effects in non-clinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use. These include anaemia and gastric irritation and ulceration.
Studies of reproductive toxicity found affected renal development in rat young with increased incidence of renal pelvis dilatation after doses of at least 10 mg/kg/day, but the normal development of the offspring was not affected.
Trandolapril was not mutagenic or carcinogenic.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Dimeticone
Cellulose, microcrystalline
Lactose monohydrate
Starch, pregelatinised maize
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Magnesium stearate
Capsules shell
Gelatin
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Erythrosine (E127)
Sunset yellow (E110)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
5 years
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store below 25oC
Store in the original package
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Blister (PVC/PE/PVDC/Al)
0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg and 4 mg:
14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 84, 90 and 100 capsules.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Actavis Group PTC ehf
ReykjavÃkurvegi 76-78
IS-220 Hafnarfjörður
Iceland
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 30306/0003
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
12.03.08
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
27/08/10
11 DOSIMETRY
IF APPLICABLE
12 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
IF APPLICABLE
